Why did Moses break the tablets? And what did breaking them accomplish? Early readers asserted that Moses’ action agreed with the Divine intent, and that G-d acknowledged this to Moses, saying “More power to you that you broke them” [Talmud Shabbat 87a]. But we know the Sages also said that breaking an object in anger is tantamount to idol worship; and if they said such a thing with respect to breaking an ordinary object, how much more so would it be the case with tablets “inscribed by G-d’s finger”?
I see the answer to the questions I have posed to be inherent in the statement of the early Sages that when Moses broke the tablets, the writing peeled off of them and the letters became ethereal. Whoever said that said quite a bit. For in creating the golden calf, our ancestors demonstrated that they had not yet reached a refined stage of faith, inasmuch as they could not imagine G-d as an elusive One who sees but cannot be seen. They rather chose a god which they could see and whose physicality they could touch.
When Moses saw this, and knew that he was descending the mountain with two tablets in his hands — tablets that were physical and that contained a sensible script — he feared lest the physicality of the tablets and the writing would give affirmation to the people’s views and would validate their error. And thus, Moses shattered the tablets, to teach the Israelites not only that G-d has no physicality, but also that G-d’s Torah cannot be embodied, and is not in need of tablets, but rather is alive with an independent endurance like G-d’s word and spirit.
–Arnold Ehrlich, Mikra Ki-feshuto on Exodus 32:19
Who owns Judaism? Who has the power to interpret and apply Jewish law? Who determines what gets into and left out of the canon? Who determines what is and is not Jewish? Who is Jewish? Who speaks with the voice of the Jewish people? Who represents our community? Who determines policy? Who steers the Jewish future? Who controls our collective destiny?
In the 4¾ years I have served as publisher and editor-in-chief of Jewschool, these are the questions that I have asked, time and time again. You might say it was my syllabus. Jewschool was my classroom; the Internet, my campus.
Not many people realize that I’m a college dropout. They’d be surprised to know that Jewschool has been, for me, the equivalent of getting a homeschool education in Jewish studies. Indeed, many of you have been my teachers and classmates. Others perhaps schoolyard bullies. (Yes, I’ve been a bully too.) And maybe I was a teacher somewhere in there as well. Maybe. I’m more prone to believe that the informality of my education stands glaringly evident. Sure, my time in Jerusalem helped (thank you Jay Michaelson and the Dorot Foundation). But perhaps nothing helped as much as you folks holding my feet to the fire and constantly showing me what a dick I am.
The hype aside, the truth is that I started Jewschool just for the hell of it. I never imagined that years later I’d be standing in front of an audience at the UJA Federation talking about Jewish Internet culture, or that I’d be getting shout outs in the NY Times, or that people would recognize me on the streets in Brooklyn and Jerusalem as a “celebrity blogger.” I never thought this gig would get me chicks (yes, yes, curdle at my insensitivity), or that it would get me paid. (Though it did.) I knew it would get me into trouble. That much seemed certain. And my, oh my… I was on the money there.
Really, all I had was a sense of purpose, and even at that, one that remains miserably undefined to this very day. Theologically speaking, I guess that’s the way I like things: Formless yet always in the process of taking shape. Practically speaking, no grant-making organization in its right mind would take a bet on that horse. “Please lend your financial support to my process of becoming.” Ahem, no.
And what of that becoming? I have, at one point or another, assumed every imaginable position, argued from every conceivable angle, and owned the role of devil’s advocate. I have proffered some of the most infuriating, provocative, futile, contorted, and sophistic statements ever committed to a MySQL database. And I have made an ass of myself more times than I care to recall. But damn it, I got people talking.
I also unwittingly built a refuge. By creating a space for the freakim to congregate, I created an opportunity for disparate, disenfranchised Jews to come together like Voltron. I am often told by readers who I run into, or who contact me online, that I have either lent articulation to their beliefs or provided them with a sense of validation and community. Their praise helps me to believe I did something right, even if I’m not sure what I did, or what I’m doing still.
Nonetheless, the opportunities that Jewschool has brought me, the relationships it has enabled, the knowledge it has imparted — these are the greatest gifts I could have ever hoped to receive.
The greatest gift I could hope to have given?
Who owns Judaism?
It’s like the old Zen kōan, “Who is the master who makes the grass green?”
The answer is “You.”
If I’ve accomplished anything meritorious in my tenure, I hope it has been imparting that knowledge to at least one person.
***
Az, nu? Why all the reminiscing? The hemming and hawing? The self-congratulatory trope?
This is my last post as publisher and editor-in-chief of Jewschool.
I have officially resigned effective as of, well… Right now.
(Click that link for further details about my departure from Jewschool and what it means for me professionally and for Jewschool itself. Much love to the Jewschool editorial board for Jewin’ It Yourselves; and wistfully pouty-faced goodbyes to all.)
Since December 2002: 12,552 posts. 38,959 comments. 78 contributors. 5 servers. 1 hell of a ride.
I’m not into NBN, but I am into my friends getting paid to be creative. So…
Capture Israel on Video and Win Up To $3,000
In the Nefesh B’Nefesh ‘Israel in a Minute’ Contest
First prize of $3,000 for best 1-2 minute video showing the unique and inspirational side of living in Israel
Nefesh B’Nefesh is launching the ‘Israel in a Minute’ contest for people residing in Israel, to create a one to two minute inspiring video in English, which captures the unique side of living in Israel. Submissions can be inspiring, emotional and even humorous. Finalists’ videos will be featured on Nefesh B’Nefesh’s website, and screened coast-to-coast in special events throughout the USA. The videos will also be used for viral marketing campaigns which will be viewed by thousands of people around the world.
Contestants have until October 8, 2007 at 5:00pm to submit their video in DVD or mini-DV tape format. Submissions will be judged by a panel of media professionals, based on aesthetic presentation, creativity, design, and audience appeal. The winners will be announced on Wednesday, 31 October, 2007. First prize will be $3,000 and second prize will be $1,000.
Founded in 2002, Nefesh B’Nefesh is an organization dedicated to revitalizing Aliyah from North America, Canada and the UK by removing or minimizing the financial, professional, logistical and social obstacles of Aliyah. For more information, please visit www.nbn.org.il.
The Nalgene bottle is a ubiquitous accessory among members of the progressive Jewish community. Nalgene bottles branded with institutional logos are also commonly offered as promotional items by Jewish organizations. However, there is a dirty little secret about the safety of this bottle. It turns out that most Nalgenes (the ones which claim they are indestructible) can actually do a lot of harm to you. If you look on the bottom of your Nalgene and see it has a number 7 in the triangle that means that it is made with polycarbonate plastics which are suspected to leach endocrine disruptors. (For info on other types of plastics click here.) The most worrisome chemical is bisphenol-A, a known hormone disruptor.
For years, scientists have been finding that endocrine disrupters like BPA can impair the reproductive organs of rats and mice, reduce sperm counts in rats, and bring about changes in tissue that resemble early-stage breast cancer, among other effects. But Nunc International, maker of Nalgene bottles, maintains that its products are “safe for use with human consumables”; cites other research that found no dangerous leaching; and points to a 2002 study in which rats fed a diet containing BPA at levels higher than those in Hunt’s laboratory suffered no apparent reproductive or developmental effects. Hunt counters that the rat study did not look at eggs or embryos. “The [plastics] industry says this is just rodent studies,” she says, “but we know that the human egg is more fragile than the mouse egg. If we wait for really hard evidence in humans, it will be too late.”
If you are using a number 7 plastic you are more at risk of birth miscarriages and defects along with breast cancer. For men the plastic can affect levels of testosterone in a negative way. The danger is most apparent when the bottle is showing signs of wear or has been exposed to heat.
There is an alternative which isn’t expensive (in some cases cheaper) and much safer. Of course there is an option of buying a water bottle with a number 2, 4, or 5 on the bottom; however the safest way to go is with a light weight stainless steel bottle. An example is the Kleen Kanteen which has served me well. In a world where we often don’t know what is best for us there is at least an easy solution for what type of water bottle we should use.
A strange request perhaps. But I know no less than three queer Jewish initiatives that are presently in search of a part-time webmaster, a role requested of me which I simply cannot fill. You don’t necessarily have to be queer. You don’t necessarily have to be Jewish. But if you’re both, it sets you far ahead of the pack. If you’re interested in knowing more, shoot an email with design samples (live websites only) to bachur at orthodoxanarchist dot com. Candidates should be skillz0r3d in HTML, CSS, Photoshop, PHP and RoR.
Or well, you sort-of asked, and they sort-of answered.
The results are in for JSpot‘s Domestic Jewish Agenda candidate questionnaires. Thus far, Senator Joe Biden, Senator John Edwards, Senator Barack Obama, and Governor Bill Richardson have responded. Download ‘em here.
It’s slim pickings considering the number of clowns with their hats in the ring. Here’s hoping the rest of the candidates believe the progressive Jewish community is worth responding to. I know we don’t grease their wheels like Aipac, but we also outnumber Aipac’s constituency by what, 4:1? If only we could match their financing 4:1.
Unfortunately the candidate’s responses can’t really be explored on JSpot because they’re an apolitical non-profit. But seeing how Jewschool isn’t bound by the same restrictions, we can roll ahead and facilitate some type of discourse as to which of the candidates thus far really stacks up to our expectations.
For myself — just to give an overall general impression — I’m liking Obama’s answers best with Biden taking a close second. Obama is clear and succinct and his policies are more or less acceptable to me. I like Biden’s policies a little bit more but he’s far too gruff — too rough around the edges. I don’t want anymore cowboys in the Oval Office. I want statesmen who betray their class. Edwards and Richards are just non-starters for me. The former bores me to tears, the latter seems like a drunk hanging on your shoulder telling you his dream. I like Obama and I hate Democrats generally. I don’t like his textbook position on Israel nor his refusal to denounce the War on Drugs. But so far, I’m with him…
A new Israeli based program called Tevel b’Tzedek (that’s a phrase from the psalms–in English it would translate clumsily into “the Earth–with Justice) has just finished its first 14 week session in Kathmandu Nepal. Tevel b’Tzedek’s program is designed to expand Israeli and Jewish consciousness about globalization, ecology, and the struggle of the poor in “developing” countries, and to give expression to the call for social and economic justice emerging from Jewish texts and traditions. Although in the first session virtually all the participants were Israeli, Tevel b’Tzedek is actively recruiting American Jewish candidates for the next session, which will begin October 14th and run until January 21st.
The first session of Tevel b’Tzedek was a huge success. Besides intensive learning–including 30 hours of Nepali language “ulpan”, each participant interned with a local Nepali organization, working with street children, women’s empowerment, appropriate technology in villages, education in slum schools, and other areas. In addition, Tevel b’Tzedek attracted dozens of Israeli and Jewish travelers to short term volunteer activities–including planting trees to prevent erosion in a squatter settlement by the Bishnumati river and creating a giant picnic for street kids. Studying texts from the Torah and Prophets to Levinas and Walter Benjamin, Tevel also had a rich array of Nepali lecturers–from the commander of the Maoist rebel army (now part of the Nepali government) to the chairman of the Nepali Federation of Indigeneous Peoples.
The program is free–Tevel b’Tzedek provides the housing, food, and instruction–participants pay only for their plane ticket, health insurance and visa. Its open for people from the age of 20 up, with some knowledge of Hebrew a decided advantage. For an application form and more information, you can write to tevelbtzedek at gmail dot com.
Join me, Tahl Raz (Jewcy), Sara Ivry (Nextbook), Rebecca Wiener (Heeb), Esther Kustanowitz (PresenTense), and Ami Eden (JTA) tonight at the 92nd St. Y’s Warburg Lounge for a discussion on “how each have navigated from old to new and where they see themselves fitting in among the growing field of print, online, blogs and other sources of media, individual and cultural expression.” Or something like that.
Eighty Ethiopian immigrant children, whose families transferred in recent months from absorption centers to permanent homes in Petah Tikvah, are still looking for schools that will agree to accept them for the upcoming school year.
The immigrants cannot be accepted to state secular schools as they have yet to finish their conversion process. The state-religious schools – where they are supposed to finish the conversion process – are not willing to accept them either, since the local authorities are concerned that they will scare off other students to private religious schools, leaving only the poverty stricken children in the state-religious schools.
Private religious schools in Petah Tikva are also unwilling to receive them.
Jakarta: “A dozen Christian men were convicted Thursday and sentenced to up to 14 years in jail for beating to death and beheading two Muslims.”
“More than 10,000 academics [including 32 Nobel laureates] signed a petition demanding a halt to the campaign by Britian’s academic union to boycott Israel.”
Israel: State commission recommends 1000 NIS (~$250) monthly living stipend for Holocaust survivors; State gives 100 NIS (~$20) instead, proclaims own generosity.
Khaled Abu Toameh rightly asks, where is the outcry over the Lebanese army’s recent decimation of the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp?
How else can one explain Paris Hilton’s “success,” other than to declare G-d nonexistent? What just and merciful creator would allow such a lowly creature to thrive in His world?
Uch. I’ve taken to reading the eleventh blessing of the Amidah, îìê à åäá öã÷ä åîùôè, sarcastically, as a challenge to G-d.
What significant purpose could she possibly serve in bringing the world closer to redemption? That her name should cross more lips than words of Torah ever shall? Where is justice?
Party princess Paris Hilton is $60 million out of pocket after her billionaire grandfather – appalled by her jail term for drink-driving offences – axed her inheritance.
[...]
Hilton senior, the only member of the family left with a sizeable stake in the huge hotel chain, has let it be known that he intends to donate to charity the $2.4bn he will gain from this month’s sale of the company to private equity firm Blackstone.
It would seem that even creatures as contemptible and vile as Paris Hilton serve their purpose in this world. The former heiress just delivered a small fortune into the hands of the needy by being egregiously despicable.
It’s been said that the Lord works in mysterious ways… Perhaps now I can doubt a little less.
My friend Dan is in China teaching English for the summer. He just sent over this pretty amusing anecdote. I thought you might get a kick out of it…
Dan,
So I have been teaching an advanced group of English learners over here. We’ve been talking about religion, philosophy, science, ethics, logic, art, politics, etc. I had my students research different religions and write papers.
This is from an essay a student of mine wrote on Judaism:
“Eating should obey laws. For example, Jews can never be eaten at the same time.”
I definitely agree. They taste terrible together.
Also from an essay on Christianity:
“Because Jesus was died on a cross, when we see crosses we must remind him.”
I also agree. Jesus is always like, “God, I know already!”
The son of a good family who stole apples from a cart did not become a thief overnight. The deed has its roots in previous generations. Perhaps his very pious grandfather hid behind the bimah of the synagogue in the name of humility, but the act contained a trace of deception (geneivas daas) because he was acting more pious than he really was. His scholarly son went a step further and “stole” chiddushei Torah from other scholars by reciting them in his own name. The grandson, in turn, became an apple thief.
–Rabbi Nosson Tzvi Finkel, the Alter of Slabodka
***
If this were a dictatorship, it would be a heck of a lot easier, just so long as I’m the dictator.
Last week the BBC uncovered evidence of President George W. Bush’s grandfather Prescott Bush‘s involvement in a 1933 plot to overthrow FDR in a famous coup that would have replaced American democracy with a fascist dictatorship. The coup was the subject of the acclaimed 1973 book The Plot to Seize the White House.
Document uncovers details of a planned coup in the USA in 1933 by right-wing American businessmen.
The coup was aimed at toppling President Franklin D Roosevelt with the help of half-a-million war veterans. The plotters, who were alleged to involve some of the most famous families in America, (owners of Heinz, Birds Eye, Goodtea, Maxwell Hse & George Bush’s Grandfather, Prescott) believed that their country should adopt the policies of Hitler and Mussolini to beat the great depression.
Mike Thomson investigates why so little is known about this biggest ever peacetime threat to American democracy.
The BBC’s revelation is compounded by the fact that Bush and his partner E. Roland Harriman served as allies of Fritz Thyssen, the German industrialist who financed Hitler’s ascent to power and the Nazi war machine. Bush and Harriman’s bank, the Union Banking Corp., was seized under the Trading With The Enemy Act in 1942. Harriman was also a major financial contributor to the American eugenics movement, which advocated, among other things, the forced sterilization of non-white Americans.
The current president’s policies seem to be an extension of his grandfather’s thinking. Bush’s latest string of Executive Orders are so disconcertingly undemocratic and un-American that even the Right-wing is growing leery. Last week, Bush signed an order that would enable him to seize the financial assets of anti-war activists. And in his most troubling move to date, on May 9, Bush signed an order that states that in the event of another terror attack on U.S. soil, the legislative and judicial branches of government would become subservient to the executive. This move is precisely how Hitler concretized his power following the Reichstag fire.
Of course, this is not to say that Bush is a genocidal maniac, but rather that his policies pose an existential threat to American democracy.
Welcome to the new fascist era, kids.
Don’t say we never warned you.
[Update 7/29 10:15PM]
From: Daniel Sieradski
Subject: Question on Godwin’s Law
Date: July 29, 2007 3:59:52 PM EDT
To: Mike Godwin
Hi Mike,
My name is Dan Sieradski and I’m the editor-in-chief of Jewschool.com [...] I contacted you once before, I believe, with regards to a panel I had attempted to put together that explored the question “when is it okay to call someone a Nazi.”
Sadly, it never came together. Nonetheless, this issue is still pertinent, especially now with Bush’s passage of an executive order on May 9 that would make the legislative and judicial branches of government subservient to the executive in the event of another terror attack on U.S. soil. (Details here.) As you may be aware, following the Reichstag fire, this is precisely the procedure Hitler used to concretize his power.
I was just wondering if you could offer a perfunctory statement to my readers on this matter, seeing as how that, in response to making a comparison between these two policies, I have been accused of violating, well, your law.
The question is, essentially, why is it out of bounds to draw comparisons between specific policies of the Hitler and Bush regimes that achieve the exact same ends (in this case, eradicating constitutional checks and balances and enshrining the authority of the executive)?
I’ve CC’d Rabbi Dr. Michael Berenbaum, former director of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum, who has taken the position that it is never acceptable to draw comparisons to Hitler, and who on this subject, I also invite to offer his thoughts.
___
Daniel “Mobius” Sieradski
***
From: Mike Godwin
Subject: Re: Question on Godwin’s Law
Date: July 29, 2007 8:04:36 PM EDT
To: Daniel Sieradski
Hi, Daniel.
I get requests like yours from time to time, and my best answer has been to refrain from telling anyone whether it’s appropriate to cite or invoke Godwin’s Law (which, like any other 17-year-old, tends to operate independently from what its parent may dictate).
I will say that I crafted Godwin’s Law with an eye to keeping the memory of the Holocaust and other horrors of the Nazi era alive and in perspective — I was worried that the overuse of Nazi comparisons would trivialize a historical effort that we’d do better to remember in all its magnitude and detail.
That said, I have watched the progress of the Bush Administration with great fear and trembling, and of course I disapprove of many and perhaps most of its policies.
–Mike
Alright kids — question: How can we uphold the credo of “never again” if we view the Holocaust as a singularly unique event to which there can be no parallels ever drawn? How do we learn the lessons of the Shoah if we cannot refer to history in order to identify consistencies between history and current events, particularly when such comparisons may serve as a warning signal that may help us evade another tragedy? And with regards to the politicization of the Shoah, why is it acceptable to make comparisons between Ahmadinejad and Hitler, but not between Bush and Hitler? Discuss.
Dan Wanders, pastor of Aldersgate United Methodist Church, Juneau, Alaska:
The religion that Karl Marx knew was indeed embodied in institutions that maintained oppression of the people, and it is cause for anguish to see how forms of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are oppressive. It is painful to see how much religion is little more than an approval of narrow ethnocentrism and dreaming of the good old days when ignorance is remembered as bliss.
But all of the spiritual movements I have mentioned above – Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Baha’i – really are intended to be transformational rather than conformational. No expression of any of them should be a confirmation of the status quo or a cultural buttress. All of them are intended radically to move our world toward greater mercy, kindness and justice. All of them are true to themselves only when challenging societal values and practices.
Though some might be uncomfortable with the language, many of us see that it is from God that come the calls to a greater sense of kinship among the world’s peoples; concern and compassion for the downtrodden, oppressed, and outcast; wariness with institutions and systems of power; and opposition to appeals to the baser human predilections.
You have to see this to believe it… An ad running on the Jerusalem Post’s website today for Obadiah Shoher’s blog, Samson Blinded. Which, by the way, I’m not even going to bother linking to.
Thank G-d I didn’t eat today. Otherwise I would have vomited.
You know they made that guy a Webby honoree? Even the Israel Hasbara Committee has called Shoher’s views “just plain evil,” stating further that “With ‘friends’ like Obadiah Shoher, Israel needs no enemies.” But there he is, somehow with enough capital behind his anti-Arab propaganda venture to put ads on a Jewish website with a million daily readers, and getting honorable mentions from the preeminent website awards committee. WTF?
Of course, this banner was running above an article by your favorite Jewish columnist and mine, Caroline Glick, who today personally rewrote the definition of Zionism as “the assertion of Jewish rights and control over the Land of Israel and the affirmation of Jewish national identity.” That’s right Judah Magnes, Ahad Ha’am, and Albert Einstein (to name a few) — your non-statist, non-nationalist, and non-militarist Zionism is no longer Zionism! I read it in print! In the Jerusalem Post! And your legacies are forevermore anti-Jewish in nature.
When strangers sojourn with you in your land, you shall do them no wrong, the strangers who sojourn with you shall be to you as natives among you, and you shall love them as yourself; for you were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God. –Leviticus 19:33-34
Last week, an overwhelming majority of MKs voted in favor of legislation that would prohibit the sale or leasing of state-owned lands to non-Jews (ie. Arabs).
The week before that, Shimon Peres remarked upon the shared interest of both Israel’s Left and Right in maintaining a Jewish majority, an interest that Gideon Levy rightly notes “attests to the development in our society of very deep racist norms, cloaked in various ways, against the minority groups among us.”
While I agree that the concept of Zionism in-and-of-itself is not racist, how can you otherwise describe the practice of Zionism exemplified by the policies of the modern State of Israel?
And how does one justify what I’m sure will be the baseless hatred that will consume the comments on this post in the defense of such actions?
Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose the bonds of wickedness, to undo the bands of the yoke, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke? –Isaiah 58:6
You will fast, and beat your chest. But what will you change? Where to from here?
Well, West Bank-based blogger Yisrael Medad hadn’t. And even if he had, he apparently wouldn’t have gotten the joke. Which is cool and all — you wouldn’t normally expect an Orthodox religious settler to get all that D.C. politico insider baseball. Guys like Medad usually have other areas of expertise, like say, halakhic proofs legitimizing ethnic cleansing.
At any rate, in a nod to the brilliance of said video, Wonkette’s been on a roll with a tongue-in-cheek if mildly disconcerting branding of Rudy as “Jew-liani” in various posts to their blog. If anything, Medad should have accused Wonkette of serving that dish far past its expiration date. What was that, a month ago guys?
But instead, being unfamiliar with both the video and Wonkette’s naughty charm, Medad wheeled out the antisemitism charge, setting off a round of denunciations throughout the right-wing blogosphere.
Wonkette editor Ken Layne responded in poor fashion, going so far as to allude to taking possible legal action against Medad. He later followed up with a retraction and cited an inbox full of Lizard Freeper hatemail as the source of his outrage. Being familiar with the experience, I can empathize.
I wonder, had Jon Stewart made the same joke, would Medad have reacted in the same way?
~~~
If Medad really wants to go after an antisemitic website, he should investigate why it is that every time I post a comment to this article on Digg challenging Reagan-era economist Paul Craig Roberts’ assertion that the Mossad is conspiring with Bush to fake terror attacks in America, it gets voted out of existence.
Rudy Giuliani has, for five years, employed an alleged sex offender as an executive in his consultancy firm. Monsignor Alan J. Placa, a Catholic priest, in fact, is accused of not only abusing children, but using his position to help cover up abuse.
Rabbi Sherwin Wine, founder of the first Humanistic Jewish congregation, died Saturday night in a fatal car crash in Morocco.
The IDF forcibly removed hundreds of settlers who had, on Sunday, attempted to resettle the Homesh outpost, evacuated during the 2005 disengagement.
Peretz Silberberg, Holocaust survivor and renowned North American Bundist, died this weekend at his home in Montreal.
A group of anarchists and environmentalists attending an anti-nuclear demonstration outside of Moscow were attacked by a mob of neo-Nazis, leaving one dead and several injured.
The NY Times Magazine explores the candidacy of Ron Paul and the impact of his anti-Zionist and antisemitic nutbag followers.
Also in the Times Magazine, Harvard professor Noah Feldman writes on leaving Orthodoxy.
Guest post by Jason Pollens
If you are using a number 7 plastic you are more at 
Last week the BBC uncovered evidence of President George W. Bush’s grandfather 
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