End of an era
(Crossposted to Mah Rabu.)
Here in Jerusalem (and theoretically in other cities that were walled at the time of Joshua), we just completed Purim Meshulash, a 3-day Purim celebration (Friday-Saturday-Sunday) that occurs any time the date of Purim falls on Shabbat. Since 14 Adar never falls on Shabbat but 15 Adar sometimes does, this is only relevant in walled cities (and practically speaking, only in Jerusalem).
We just had another Purim Meshulash 3 years ago, but there won’t be another one for another 13 years! Because you see, we’re on the cusp of a major transition in the Hebrew calendar.
Some background information: (Licensed calendar geeks can skip right to the data.)
There are three variables that make one Hebrew year different from another:
1) Cheshvan can have 29 or 30 days.
2) Kislev can have 29 or 30 days.
3) There can be one or two months of Adar.
This means that the 9-month period from Adar to Cheshvan (which just happens to include all the biblical holidays plus Purim; forget about Chanukah though) is completely fixed. If you know the day of the week of any holiday in that period, you know them all.
Therefore, since Rosh Hashanah can only fall on four days of the week (Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday), there are only four types of years if we’re just looking at the period from Adar to Cheshvan. (Since this period spans two Hebrew years, I’m using Gregorian year numbers below for clarity.)
The four types, in order of frequency, with their distinctive features:
- Rosh Hashanah on Thursday, 31.9% of years. This means there is a “three-day yom tov” for Rosh Hashanah, and for those who observe 2 days of yom tov, there are two more “three-day yom tovs” for Sukkot and Shemini Atzeret. Yom Kippur is on Shabbat. Purim begins on Saturday night. We just had this in 2007.
- Rosh Hashanah on Shabbat, 28.6% of years. Most of the fall holidays are on weekends. Pesach starts on a Wednesday night, leading to a “three-day yom tov” for those who observe 2 days of yom tov. Shavuot is on Friday, leading into (or including) Shabbat. This causes a disparity between 1-day-yom-tov and 2-day-yom-tov communities regarding Torah reading for several Shabbatot.
- Rosh Hashanah on Monday, 28.0% of years. Pesach begins on Shabbat. This also causes a disparity regarding Torah reading, because the 8th day of Pesach (if one exists) is also on Shabbat. Shavuot begins on Saturday night, yet another “three-day yom tov” for people who swing that way. Tisha B’Av falls on Shabbat and is delayed to Sunday.
- Rosh Hashanah on Tuesday, the least common by far with only 11.5% of years. This is what we have in 2008. Pesach begins on Saturday night, leading to all manner of hijinks. Tisha B’Av also begins on Saturday night. Purim is on Friday, leading to Purim Meshulash in walled cities.
You may notice, thinking about recent years, that some of these descriptions sound more familiar than others, and that this doesn’t necessarily match their statistical frequency. That’s because, as recent and upcoming years demonstrate, the year patterns are NOT AT ALL distributed homogeneously.
Let’s look at the days of the week of Rosh Hashanah in recent years (and next year):
1996 Sat
1997 Thu
1998 Mon
1999 Sat
2000 Sat
2001 Tues
2002 Sat
2003 Sat
2004 Thu
2005 Tues
2006 Sat
2007 Thu
2008 Tues
2009 Sat
So what do we have here? A lot of Saturdays (50% of the years in this sample, including 4 years out of 5 for one 5-year span there), more Tuesdays than would be statistically expected (you’d expect about one a decade), and no Mondays at all for over a decade.
But that’s about to change drastically:
2010 Thu
2011 Thu
2012 Mon
2013 Thu
2014 Thu
2015 Mon
2016 Mon
2017 Thu
2018 Mon
2019 Mon
Yes, that’s right — the entire decade of the 2010s will be nothing but Thursdays and Mondays! The convenience to working people of having the fall holidays on weekends, which we have grown accustomed to, will be wholly alien for the new generation. Mechon Hadar’s new page about Purim on Friday will be a purely academic exercise, as will all the guides to Shabbat Erev Pesach that will see a lot of use this year.
After that, things will start to stabilize:
2020 Sat
2021 Tues
2022 Mon
2023 Sat
2024 Thu
2025 Tues
2026 Sat
2027 Sat
2028 Thu
2029 Mon
So that’s the long-term forecast!
Great post BZ — very nice summary. It’s convenient to see it laid all out like this. It’d be good to include the day of the week of the first day of Pesach in your table too.
The first day of Pesach is always two days (of the week) before Rosh Hashanah.
In general, the mnemonic (dating back to the Tur, I think) to get from any holiday to any other holiday is that you take the first 6 days of Pesach and line them up with the letters of the Hebrew alphabet, starting at the end and going backwards.
ú – úùòä áà á Tisha Be’Av (always on the same day of the week as the 1st day of Pesach)
ù – ùáåòåú Shavuot (same day as 2nd day of Pesach, etc.)
ø – øà ù äùðä Rosh Hashanah (and Sukkot is 2 weeks later)
÷ – ÷øéà ú äúåøä “Simchat Torah” (for those who do it on the 2nd day of Shemini Atzeret)
ö – öåà ëôåø Yom Kippur
ô – ôåøéà Purim
And a modern addition, lining up with the 7th day of Pesach, is ò – òöîà åú Israeli Independence Day.
Nice post. You didn’t mention that after 2025, Pesach won’t be on a Sunday for 20 years.
wow, thanks for the calendricalculation!
wow, I really need to get a job at a Jewish school…otherwise I’ll have to use all my sick days every year in the coming decade.
mother in israel-
Wow, you’re right!
2030 Sat
2031 Thu
2032 Mon
2033 Sat
2034 Thu
2035 Thu
2036 Mon
2037 Thu
2038 Thu
2039 Mon
2040 Sat
2041 Thu
2042 Mon
2043 Mon
2044 Thu
2045 Tue
2046 Mon
2047 Sat
2048 Tue
2049 Mon
Plus another decade of nothing but Monday and Thursday (with one exception).
BZ, I’ve heard that mnemonic. Your comment about Pesach starting two days of the week before RH must mean that it starts two days of the week before the FOLLOWING RH.
e.g. Rosh Hashanah 5769 is on Tuesday / Wednesday, therefore Pesach 5768 starts on Sunday (as it does indeed this year).
Does this apply to the mnemonic as well?
BZ, I’ve heard that mnemonic. Your comment about Pesach starting two days of the week before RH must mean that it starts two days of the week before the FOLLOWING RH.
Correct. As I said in the post, the fixed period is from Adar to Cheshvan, so this mnemonic (and the descriptions of the four types of years) only works for comparing holidays in the same Gregorian calendar year. To get from Rosh Hashanah to Pesach in the same Hebrew year, you’d need to know how many days in Cheshvan, how many days in Kislev, and how many Adars – much harder to do in one’s head.